Furthermore, there is marked variability in the activity of the various muscles at rest and in response to respiratory stimuli during sleep between individuals. While the control and action of some of these muscles are known in detail, very little is known about the action of others, particularly in OSA patients versus controls and with increasing respiratory drive and sleep. In summary, there are numerous muscles that surround the pharyngeal airway lumen and that influence its patency. Whether similar effects are present in humans during airway collapse is not clear. Interestingly, at very low airway lumen volumes, activation of the muscles does have an airway dilating action in cats. In addition, they have minimal activity during apneas/hypopneas in OSA patients until arousal from sleep, at which point their activity increases like other airway dilator muscles such as the genioglossus. However, the pharyngeal constrictors are generally silent or have slight expiratory activation during sleep in healthy, normal subjects. Inappropriate activation of these muscles was, therefore, postulated as a possible cause of OSA. As the name suggests, activation of these muscles constricts the airway, which assists in swallowing. The posterior wall of the airway is largely comprised of the pharyngeal constrictor muscles which wrap around the airway and so also contribute to the lateral walls. White, in Encyclopedia of Sleep, 2013 Pharyngeal Constrictor Muscles Nasopharyngeal cicatrization inhibits the efficiency of pharyngeal constrictor function, but horses with this disorder are more likely to present for the investigation of respiratory noises and/or exercise intolerance.Ī.S. Restoration of pharyngeal function may occur, but this takes many months. However, some horses with partial pharyngeal dysfunction may survive without distress and simply show an occasional cough and nasal discharge without progress to aspiration pneumonia. When there is marked inhalation of ingesta leading to broncho-pneumonia or evidence of dehydration, the condition of the patient demands euthanasia on humane grounds. It is always correct to investigate the possibility of ATD disease in cases of pharyngeal dysfunction. Guttural pouch mycosis (see 5.6) ( Figure 1.2). The most common causes of pharyngeal paralysis are: When food and fluids are not propelled into the upper oesophagus they may be returned via the nostrils, aspirated into the laryngeal airway, or spilled out of the mouth. Paralysis or paresis of the pharyngeal constrictor muscles arises when the function of glosso-pharyngeal nerve (IX) is compromised.
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